Iron-58 is also an assisting reagent in the synthesis of superheavy elements. It can be used to combat anemia and low iron absorption, to metabolically track iron-controlling human genes, and for tracing elements in nature. The transition was famously used to make the first definitive measurement of gravitational redshift, in the 1960 Pound-Rebka experiment. The isotope 57Fe is widely used in Mössbauer spectroscopy and the related nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy due to the low natural variation in energy of the 14.4 keV nuclear transition. However, because of the details of how nucleosynthesis works, 56Fe is a more common endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars and is therefore more common in the universe, relative to other metals, including 62Ni, 58Fe and 60Ni, all of which have a very high binding energy. The isotope 56Fe is the isotope with the lowest mass per nucleon, 930.412 MeV/c 2, though not the isotope with the highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon, which is nickel-62. ĥ4Fe is observationally stable, but theoretically can decay to 54Cr, with a half-life of more than 4.4 ×10 20 years via double electron capture ( εε). The one standard deviation errors are given in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
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